This record has been created following the Syriaca.org editorial guidelines. Documentation is available at: http://syriaca.org/documentation. was encoded using both the general editorial guidelines for all publications of Syriaca.org and an encoding schema specific to .

Approximate dates described in terms of centuries or partial centuries have been interpreted into quantitative values as documented in the Syriaca.org guidelines for normalization of dates. See Syriaca.org Guidelines for Approximate Dates.

The state element of @type="existence" indicates the period for which this place was in use as a place of its indicated type (e.g. an inhabited settlement, a functioning monastery or church, an administrative province). While it is possible to indicate a source for this date, this date is usually based on the estimate of the editors and provided as an aid to searching. As a practice, attested dates for a place based on historical sources have instead been encoded more precisely using event of @type="attestation". Natural features which have always existed have no date on the state element of @type="existence" since they are are presumed to have always existed throughout recorded history.

In some cases, maps from print publications have been used as the basis for coordinate data in . In two instances, the editors of such print maps provided the digital coordinate data used to prepare the print maps. Specifically, coordinates which are attributed to (http://syriaca.org/bibl/1) or to (http://syriaca.org/bibl/PUTG99V4) were extracted from the KML files used to create the print maps for those volumes. Because only the print maps were published, the citation for these coordinates refers to the print source. The editors of the are grateful to the editors of and for providing these coordinate files.

The editors have silently normalized data from other sources in some cases. The primary instances are listed below.

The capitalization of names from (http://syriaca.org/bibl/1) was normalized silently (i.e. names in ALL-CAPS were replaced by Proper-noun capitalization).

The unchanging parts of alternate names from the editions and translations of Barsoum, (http://syriaca.org/bibl/2, http://syriaca.org/bibl/3, or http://syriaca.org/bibl/4) have been supplied silently.

Names from the English translation of Barsoum, (http://syriaca.org/bibl/4) were silently transformed into sentence word order rather than the headword alphabetization used by Barsoum. Commas were silently removed.

This record has been created following the Syriaca.org editorial guidelines. Documentation is available at: http://syriaca.org/documentation. was encoded using both the general editorial guidelines for all publications of Syriaca.org and an encoding schema specific to .

Approximate dates described in terms of centuries or partial centuries have been interpreted into quantitative values as documented in the Syriaca.org guidelines for normalization of dates. See Syriaca.org Guidelines for Approximate Dates.

The state element of @type="existence" indicates the period for which this place was in use as a place of its indicated type (e.g. an inhabited settlement, a functioning monastery or church, an administrative province). While it is possible to indicate a source for this date, this date is usually based on the estimate of the editors and provided as an aid to searching. As a practice, attested dates for a place based on historical sources have instead been encoded more precisely using event of @type="attestation". Natural features which have always existed have no date on the state element of @type="existence" since they are are presumed to have always existed throughout recorded history.

In some cases, maps from print publications have been used as the basis for coordinate data in . In two instances, the editors of such print maps provided the digital coordinate data used to prepare the print maps. Specifically, coordinates which are attributed to (http://syriaca.org/bibl/1) or to (http://syriaca.org/bibl/PUTG99V4) were extracted from the KML files used to create the print maps for those volumes. Because only the print maps were published, the citation for these coordinates refers to the print source. The editors of the are grateful to the editors of and for providing these coordinate files.

The editors have silently normalized data from other sources in some cases. The primary instances are listed below.

The capitalization of names from (http://syriaca.org/bibl/1) was normalized silently (i.e. names in ALL-CAPS were replaced by Proper-noun capitalization).

The unchanging parts of alternate names from the editions and translations of Barsoum, (http://syriaca.org/bibl/2, http://syriaca.org/bibl/3, or http://syriaca.org/bibl/4) have been supplied silently.

Names from the English translation of Barsoum, (http://syriaca.org/bibl/4) were silently transformed into sentence word order rather than the headword alphabetization used by Barsoum. Commas were silently removed.

This record has been created following the Syriaca.org editorial guidelines. Documentation is available at: http://syriaca.org/documentation. was encoded using both the general editorial guidelines for all publications of Syriaca.org and an encoding schema specific to .

Approximate dates described in terms of centuries or partial centuries have been interpreted into quantitative values as documented in the Syriaca.org guidelines for normalization of dates. See Syriaca.org Guidelines for Approximate Dates.

The state element of @type="existence" indicates the period for which this place was in use as a place of its indicated type (e.g. an inhabited settlement, a functioning monastery or church, an administrative province). While it is possible to indicate a source for this date, this date is usually based on the estimate of the editors and provided as an aid to searching. As a practice, attested dates for a place based on historical sources have instead been encoded more precisely using event of @type="attestation". Natural features which have always existed have no date on the state element of @type="existence" since they are are presumed to have always existed throughout recorded history.

In some cases, maps from print publications have been used as the basis for coordinate data in . In two instances, the editors of such print maps provided the digital coordinate data used to prepare the print maps. Specifically, coordinates which are attributed to (http://syriaca.org/bibl/1) or to (http://syriaca.org/bibl/PUTG99V4) were extracted from the KML files used to create the print maps for those volumes. Because only the print maps were published, the citation for these coordinates refers to the print source. The editors of the are grateful to the editors of and for providing these coordinate files.

The editors have silently normalized data from other sources in some cases. The primary instances are listed below.

The capitalization of names from (http://syriaca.org/bibl/1) was normalized silently (i.e. names in ALL-CAPS were replaced by Proper-noun capitalization).

The unchanging parts of alternate names from the editions and translations of Barsoum, (http://syriaca.org/bibl/2, http://syriaca.org/bibl/3, or http://syriaca.org/bibl/4) have been supplied silently.

Names from the English translation of Barsoum, (http://syriaca.org/bibl/4) were silently transformed into sentence word order rather than the headword alphabetization used by Barsoum. Commas were silently removed.

This record has been created following the Syriaca.org editorial guidelines. Documentation is available at: http://syriaca.org/documentation. was encoded using both the general editorial guidelines for all publications of Syriaca.org and an encoding schema specific to .

Approximate dates described in terms of centuries or partial centuries have been interpreted into quantitative values as documented in the Syriaca.org guidelines for normalization of dates. See Syriaca.org Guidelines for Approximate Dates.

The state element of @type="existence" indicates the period for which this place was in use as a place of its indicated type (e.g. an inhabited settlement, a functioning monastery or church, an administrative province). While it is possible to indicate a source for this date, this date is usually based on the estimate of the editors and provided as an aid to searching. As a practice, attested dates for a place based on historical sources have instead been encoded more precisely using event of @type="attestation". Natural features which have always existed have no date on the state element of @type="existence" since they are are presumed to have always existed throughout recorded history.

In some cases, maps from print publications have been used as the basis for coordinate data in . In two instances, the editors of such print maps provided the digital coordinate data used to prepare the print maps. Specifically, coordinates which are attributed to (http://syriaca.org/bibl/1) or to (http://syriaca.org/bibl/PUTG99V4) were extracted from the KML files used to create the print maps for those volumes. Because only the print maps were published, the citation for these coordinates refers to the print source. The editors of the are grateful to the editors of and for providing these coordinate files.

The editors have silently normalized data from other sources in some cases. The primary instances are listed below.

The capitalization of names from (http://syriaca.org/bibl/1) was normalized silently (i.e. names in ALL-CAPS were replaced by Proper-noun capitalization).

The unchanging parts of alternate names from the editions and translations of Barsoum, (http://syriaca.org/bibl/2, http://syriaca.org/bibl/3, or http://syriaca.org/bibl/4) have been supplied silently.

Names from the English translation of Barsoum, (http://syriaca.org/bibl/4) were silently transformed into sentence word order rather than the headword alphabetization used by Barsoum. Commas were silently removed.

This record has been created following the Syriaca.org editorial guidelines. Documentation is available at: http://syriaca.org/documentation. was encoded using both the general editorial guidelines for all publications of Syriaca.org and an encoding schema specific to .

Approximate dates described in terms of centuries or partial centuries have been interpreted into quantitative values as documented in the Syriaca.org guidelines for normalization of dates. See Syriaca.org Guidelines for Approximate Dates.

The state element of @type="existence" indicates the period for which this place was in use as a place of its indicated type (e.g. an inhabited settlement, a functioning monastery or church, an administrative province). While it is possible to indicate a source for this date, this date is usually based on the estimate of the editors and provided as an aid to searching. As a practice, attested dates for a place based on historical sources have instead been encoded more precisely using event of @type="attestation". Natural features which have always existed have no date on the state element of @type="existence" since they are are presumed to have always existed throughout recorded history.

In some cases, maps from print publications have been used as the basis for coordinate data in . In two instances, the editors of such print maps provided the digital coordinate data used to prepare the print maps. Specifically, coordinates which are attributed to (http://syriaca.org/bibl/1) or to (http://syriaca.org/bibl/PUTG99V4) were extracted from the KML files used to create the print maps for those volumes. Because only the print maps were published, the citation for these coordinates refers to the print source. The editors of the are grateful to the editors of and for providing these coordinate files.

The editors have silently normalized data from other sources in some cases. The primary instances are listed below.

The capitalization of names from (http://syriaca.org/bibl/1) was normalized silently (i.e. names in ALL-CAPS were replaced by Proper-noun capitalization).

The unchanging parts of alternate names from the editions and translations of Barsoum, (http://syriaca.org/bibl/2, http://syriaca.org/bibl/3, or http://syriaca.org/bibl/4) have been supplied silently.

Names from the English translation of Barsoum, (http://syriaca.org/bibl/4) were silently transformed into sentence word order rather than the headword alphabetization used by Barsoum. Commas were silently removed.

This record has been created following the Syriaca.org editorial guidelines. Documentation is available at: http://syriaca.org/documentation. was encoded using both the general editorial guidelines for all publications of Syriaca.org and an encoding schema specific to .

Approximate dates described in terms of centuries or partial centuries have been interpreted into quantitative values as documented in the Syriaca.org guidelines for normalization of dates. See Syriaca.org Guidelines for Approximate Dates.

The state element of @type="existence" indicates the period for which this place was in use as a place of its indicated type (e.g. an inhabited settlement, a functioning monastery or church, an administrative province). While it is possible to indicate a source for this date, this date is usually based on the estimate of the editors and provided as an aid to searching. As a practice, attested dates for a place based on historical sources have instead been encoded more precisely using event of @type="attestation". Natural features which have always existed have no date on the state element of @type="existence" since they are are presumed to have always existed throughout recorded history.

In some cases, maps from print publications have been used as the basis for coordinate data in . In two instances, the editors of such print maps provided the digital coordinate data used to prepare the print maps. Specifically, coordinates which are attributed to (http://syriaca.org/bibl/1) or to (http://syriaca.org/bibl/PUTG99V4) were extracted from the KML files used to create the print maps for those volumes. Because only the print maps were published, the citation for these coordinates refers to the print source. The editors of the are grateful to the editors of and for providing these coordinate files.

The editors have silently normalized data from other sources in some cases. The primary instances are listed below.

The capitalization of names from (http://syriaca.org/bibl/1) was normalized silently (i.e. names in ALL-CAPS were replaced by Proper-noun capitalization).

The unchanging parts of alternate names from the editions and translations of Barsoum, (http://syriaca.org/bibl/2, http://syriaca.org/bibl/3, or http://syriaca.org/bibl/4) have been supplied silently.

Names from the English translation of Barsoum, (http://syriaca.org/bibl/4) were silently transformed into sentence word order rather than the headword alphabetization used by Barsoum. Commas were silently removed.

This record has been created following the Syriaca.org editorial guidelines. Documentation is available at: http://syriaca.org/documentation. was encoded using both the general editorial guidelines for all publications of Syriaca.org and an encoding schema specific to .

Approximate dates described in terms of centuries or partial centuries have been interpreted into quantitative values as documented in the Syriaca.org guidelines for normalization of dates. See Syriaca.org Guidelines for Approximate Dates.

The state element of @type="existence" indicates the period for which this place was in use as a place of its indicated type (e.g. an inhabited settlement, a functioning monastery or church, an administrative province). While it is possible to indicate a source for this date, this date is usually based on the estimate of the editors and provided as an aid to searching. As a practice, attested dates for a place based on historical sources have instead been encoded more precisely using event of @type="attestation". Natural features which have always existed have no date on the state element of @type="existence" since they are are presumed to have always existed throughout recorded history.

In some cases, maps from print publications have been used as the basis for coordinate data in . In two instances, the editors of such print maps provided the digital coordinate data used to prepare the print maps. Specifically, coordinates which are attributed to (http://syriaca.org/bibl/1) or to (http://syriaca.org/bibl/PUTG99V4) were extracted from the KML files used to create the print maps for those volumes. Because only the print maps were published, the citation for these coordinates refers to the print source. The editors of the are grateful to the editors of and for providing these coordinate files.

The editors have silently normalized data from other sources in some cases. The primary instances are listed below.

The capitalization of names from (http://syriaca.org/bibl/1) was normalized silently (i.e. names in ALL-CAPS were replaced by Proper-noun capitalization).

The unchanging parts of alternate names from the editions and translations of Barsoum, (http://syriaca.org/bibl/2, http://syriaca.org/bibl/3, or http://syriaca.org/bibl/4) have been supplied silently.

Names from the English translation of Barsoum, (http://syriaca.org/bibl/4) were silently transformed into sentence word order rather than the headword alphabetization used by Barsoum. Commas were silently removed.