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                <title level="a" xml:lang="en">Ṭur ʿAbdin
                                        — <foreign xml:lang="syr">ܛܘܪܥܒܕܝܢ</foreign>
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                <sponsor>Syriaca.org: The Syriac Reference Portal</sponsor>
                <funder>The National Endowment for the Humanities</funder>
                <funder>The International Balzan Prize Foundation</funder>
        <editor role="creator" ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#tcarlson">Thomas A. Carlson</editor>
        <editor role="creator" ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#dmichelson">David A. Michelson</editor>
        <editor role="creator" ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#wpotter">William L. Potter</editor>
        <editor role="contributor" ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#fjullien">Florence Jullien</editor>
        <editor role="contributor" ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#gkhan">Geoffrey Khan</editor>
        <editor role="contributor" ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#hmurre-van-den-berg">Heleen Murre-van Den Berg</editor>
        <editor role="contributor" ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#tcarlson">Thomas A. Carlson</editor>
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            <title>Syriac World</title> maps cartography by</resp>
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          <resp>Connection to the <title>Syriac World</title> identified by</resp>
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          <resp>Connection to the <title>Syriac World</title> identified by</resp>
          <name ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#gkhan">Geoffrey Khan</name>
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          <resp>Connection to the <title>Syriac World</title> identified by</resp>
          <name ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#hmurre-van-den-berg">Heleen Murre-van Den Berg</name>
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          <resp>Connection to the <title>Syriac World</title> identified by</resp>
          <name ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#tcarlson">Thomas A. Carlson</name>
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          <resp>Record validation, normalization, and revisions for the second edition (2.0) by</resp>
          <name ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#dschwartz">Daniel L. Schwartz</name>
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        <respStmt>
          <resp>Record validation, normalization, and revisions for the second edition (2.0) by</resp>
          <name ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#wpotter">William L. Potter</name>
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          <resp>Record validation, normalization, and revisions for the second edition (2.0) by</resp>
          <name ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#dmichelson">David A. Michelson</name>
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        <respStmt>
                    <resp>Wilmshurst index information entry by</resp>
                    <name ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#adavis">Anthony Davis</name>
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        <respStmt>
                    <resp>Arabic description entry by</resp>
                    <name ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#rakhrass">Dayroyo Roger-Youssef Akhrass</name>
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        <respStmt>
                    <resp>Syriac description entry by</resp>
                    <name ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#raydin">Robert Aydin</name>
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        <respStmt>
                    <resp>Data merging, Pleiades and Wikipedia linking, and XML by</resp>
                    <name ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#tcarlson">Thomas A. Carlson</name>
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                    <resp>Initial Barsoum entry creation by</resp>
                    <name ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#dmichelson">David A. Michelson</name>
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                    <licence target="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">
                        <p>Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.</p>
                        <p>This entry incorporates copyrighted material from the following work(s):
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                            <note type="license">used under a Creative Commons Attribution license <ref target="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"/>
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                <date>2025-07-11-05:00</date>
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        <title level="s" xml:lang="en">The Syriac Gazetteer</title>
        <editor role="general" ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#dmichelson">
          <persName>David A. Michelson</persName>, <date from="2014">2014-present</date>.</editor>
        <editor role="general" ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#wpotter">
          <persName>William L. Potter</persName>, <date from="2020">2020-present</date>.</editor>
        <editor role="general" ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#dschwartz">
          <persName>Daniel L. Schwartz</persName>, <date from="2020">2020-present</date>.</editor>
        <editor role="past-general" ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#tcarlson">
          <persName>Thomas A. Carlson</persName>, <date from="2014" to="2018">2014-2018</date>
        </editor>
        <editor role="technical" ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#dmichelson">
          <persName>David A. Michelson</persName>, <date from="2014">2014-present</date>.</editor>
        <editor role="technical" ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#dschwartz">
          <persName>Daniel L. Schwartz</persName>, <date from="2019">2019-present</date>.</editor>
        <editor role="technical" ref="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#wpotter">
          <persName>William L. Potter</persName>, <date from="2020">2020-present</date>.</editor>
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        <p>Approximate dates described in terms of centuries or partial centuries have been interpreted into quantitative values as documented in the Syriaca.org guidelines for normalization of dates. See <ref target="http://syriaca.org/documentation/dates.html">Syriaca.org Guidelines for Approximate Dates</ref>.</p>
        <p>The <gi>state</gi> element of @type="existence" indicates the period for which this place was in use as a place of its indicated type (e.g. an inhabited settlement, a functioning monastery or church, an administrative province).  While it is possible to indicate a source for this date, this date is usually based on the estimate of the editors and provided as an aid to searching. As a practice, attested dates for a place based on historical sources have instead been encoded more precisely using <gi>event</gi> of @type="attestation". Natural features which have always existed have no date on the <gi>state</gi> element of @type="existence" since they are are presumed to have always existed throughout recorded history.</p>
        <p>In some cases, maps from print publications have been used as the basis for coordinate data in <title>The Syriac Gazetteer</title>. In two instances, the editors of such print maps provided the digital coordinate data used to prepare the print maps. Specifically, coordinates which are attributed to <title>The Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage</title> (<ref target="http://syriaca.org/cbss/P8KQJ7AE">http://syriaca.org/cbss/P8KQJ7AE</ref>) or to <title>The Syriac World</title> (<ref target="http://syriaca.org/cbss/QW5BYJ6X">http://syriaca.org/cbss/QW5BYJ6X</ref>) were extracted from the KML files used to create the print maps for those volumes. Because only the print maps were published, the citation for these coordinates refers to the print source. The editors of the <title>The Syriac Gazetteer</title> are grateful to the editors of <title>The Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage</title> and <title>The Syriac World</title> for providing these coordinate files.</p>
        <p>The editors have silently normalized data from other sources in some cases. The primary instances are listed below.</p>
        <p>The capitalization of names from <title>The Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage</title> (<ref target="http://syriaca.org/cbss/P8KQJ7AE">http://syriaca.org/cbss/P8KQJ7AE</ref>) was normalized silently (i.e. names in ALL-CAPS were replaced by Proper-noun capitalization).</p>
        <p>The unchanging parts of alternate names from the editions and translations of Barsoum, <title>The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences</title> (<ref target="http://syriaca.org/cbss/T3RMVYM7">http://syriaca.org/cbss/T3RMVYM7</ref>, <ref target="http://syriaca.org/cbss/SGBVKKGH">http://syriaca.org/cbss/SGBVKKGH</ref>, or <ref target="http://syriaca.org/cbss/7PN78IZN">http://syriaca.org/cbss/7PN78IZN</ref>) have been supplied silently.</p>
        <p>Names from the English translation of Barsoum, <title>The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences</title> (<ref target="http://syriaca.org/cbss/7PN78IZN">http://syriaca.org/cbss/7PN78IZN</ref>) were silently transformed into sentence word order rather than the headword alphabetization used by Barsoum.  Commas were silently removed.</p>
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                        <catDesc>The name used by Syriaca.org for document titles, citation, and disambiguation. These names have been created according to the Syriac.org guidelines for headwords: <ref target="http://syriaca.org/documentation/headwords.html">http://syriaca.org/documentation/headwords.html</ref>.</catDesc>
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                    Languages codes used in this record follow the Syriaca.org guidelines. Documentation available at: 
                    <ref target="http://syriaca.org/documentation/langusage.xml">http://syriaca.org/documentation/langusage.xml</ref>
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      <change who="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#wpotter" when="2025-07-11-05:00">ADDED: Data from <title>Syriac World</title> maps</change>
      <change who="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#wpotter" when="2020-06-16-05:00">CHANGED: Implemented May 2019 batch changes, see <ref target="https://github.com/srophe/srophe-app-data/issues?q=is%3Aissue+label%3A2019-May-Batch-Changes">https://github.com/srophe/srophe-app-data/issues?q=is%3Aissue+label%3A2019-May-Batch-Changes</ref>. The issues labeled were #742, #743, #746, #747, #749, #752, #754, #757, #759, #761, #763, #765, #766, #767, #768, #769, #770, #771, #772, #773, #774, #792, #793, #794, #797, #802, #803, #804, #806, #807, #815, #816, #817, #818, #819, #820, #821, #822, #823, #824, #825, #826, #827, #829, #831, #832, #833, #834, #836, #843, #847, #848, #849, #850, #851, #852, #853</change>
            <change who="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#ngibson" when="2016-12-09+01:00">Changed @xml:lang 'en-xsrp1' to 'en-x-srp1'</change>
            <change who="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#wsalesky" when="2014-11-05-05:00">ADDED: Add alternate names for search functionality.</change>
            <change who="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#wsalesky" when="2014-11-05-05:00">ADDED: Add alternate names for search functionality.</change>
            <change who="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#wsalesky" when="2014-11-05-05:00">ADDED: Add alternate names for search functionality.</change>
            <change who="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#wsalesky" when="2014-06-30-04:00">CHANGED tei:author element to tei:persName under tei:event element.</change>
            <change who="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#tcarlson" when="2014-06-12-05:00">ADDED: Yaqut citation and attestation</change>
            <change who="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#wsalesky" when="2014-01-14">ADDED: latitude and longitude from Pleiades</change>
            <change who="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#wsalesky" when="2014-01-14">ADDED: syriaca-computed-start and syriaca-computed-end attributes for searching</change>
            <change who="http://syriaca.org/documentation/editors.xml#tcarlson" when="2013-12-18-05:00">CREATED: place</change>
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                    <placeName source="#bib221-2 #bib221-10 #bib221-11" xml:id="name221-1" xml:lang="en" srophe:tags="#syriaca-headword">Ṭur ʿAbdin</placeName>
                    <placeName resp="http://syriaca.org" xml:id="name221-2" xml:lang="syr" srophe:tags="#syriaca-headword">ܛܘܪܥܒܕܝܢ</placeName>
                    <placeName xml:id="name221-3" xml:lang="syr-Syrj" source="#bib221-3">ܛܘܪܥܰܒܕܝܢ</placeName>
                    <placeName xml:id="name221-4" xml:lang="ar" source="#bib221-4">طورعبدين</placeName>
                    <placeName xml:id="name221-5" xml:lang="en" source="#bib221-5">Tur ʿAbdin</placeName>
                    <placeName xml:id="name221-6" xml:lang="en" source="#bib221-6">Tur Abdin</placeName>
                    <placeName xml:id="name221-7" xml:lang="en" source="#bib221-7">Ṭūr ʿAbdīn</placeName>
                    <placeName xml:id="name221-8" xml:lang="ar" source="#bib221-9">طور عَبْدِين</placeName>
                    <placeName resp="http://syriaca.org" xml:id="name221-9" xml:lang="en-x-srp1">Ṭur Abdin</placeName>
                    <placeName resp="http://syriaca.org" xml:id="name221-10" xml:lang="en-x-srp1">Ṭur ‘Abdin</placeName>
                    <placeName resp="http://syriaca.org" xml:id="name221-11" xml:lang="en-x-srp1">Tur Abdin</placeName>
                    <placeName resp="http://syriaca.org" xml:id="name221-12" xml:lang="en-x-srp1">Tur ‘Abdin</placeName>
                    <placeName resp="http://syriaca.org" xml:id="name221-13" xml:lang="en-x-srp1">Ṭūr Abdīn</placeName>
                    <placeName resp="http://syriaca.org" xml:id="name221-14" xml:lang="en-x-srp1">Ṭūr ‘Abdīn</placeName>
                    <desc type="abstract" xml:lang="en" corresp="http://syriaca.org/geo">
                        <quote source="#bib221-1">Properly speaking, Ṭur ʿAbdin (‘Mountain of the servants’) does not include the whole province of Mardin in Turkey, but only the limestone plateau in the eastern part of it, between the river Tigris and Nisibis."</quote>
                    </desc>
                    <desc xml:lang="en">
                        <quote source="#bib221-1">565. Ṭur ʿAbdin</quote>
                    </desc>
                    <desc xml:lang="syr-Syrj">
                        <quote source="#bib221-3">ܛܘܪܐ ܗܘ ܕܡܶܬܚܰܝܕ ܒܛܘܪܳܐ ܕܐܝܙܠܳܐ. ܗܰܘ ܕܚܳܐܪ ܠܰܢܨܝܒܝܢ ܘܟܘܪܰܐ ܗܘ ܕܣܰܓ̈ܝܐܝܳܢ ܕܰܝܪ̈ܳܬܗ ܘܟܘܪ̈ܚܰܘܗܝ. ܘܐܶܡܳܐ ܕܰܡܕܺܝܢ̈ܬܗ ܐܰܬܪܐ ܕܡܶܕܝܰܕ ܕܚܳܕܪܝܢ ܠܗ ܝܰܬܝܪ ܡܶܢ ܚܰܡܫܝܢ ܩܘܪ̈ܝܳܐ ܕܰܬܪܝܢ ܬܘ̈ܠܬܐ ܡܫܝܚ̈ܝܐ ܣܘܪ̈ܝܳܝܐ ܘܰܕܫܰܪܟܐ ܛܰܝܳܝ̈ܐ ܘܝ̣ܺܙ݂ܝܼܕܳܝ̈ܐ. ܘܗܳܠܝܢ ܐܶܢܘܢ ܫܡܳܗ̈ܐ ܕܩܘܪ̈ܝܳܐ ܕܰܕܟܝܪܝܢ ܒܰܟܬܳܒܰܢ ܠܡܰܕܢܚܳܐ ܐܰܢܚܠ. ܦܳܦܝܰܬ. ܩܰܪܛܰܡܝܢ ܠܡܰܥܪܒܳܐ: ܒ̈ܬܶܐ. ܚܰܒܣܢܰܐܣ ܨܰܠܚ ܥܰܪܢܰܐܣ ܥܰܝܢܘܪܕ ܟܰܦܪܳܐ ܟܦܰܪܙܗ ܟܦܰܪܣܠܛܐ. ܟܦܰܪܫܳܡܥ ـ  ܟܰܢܕܝܪܝܒ. ܠܓܰܪܒܝܐ: ܒܶܝܬ ܩܶܣܝܳܢܳܐ. ܚܰܐܚ. ܚܰܣܢ ܟܺܐܦܳܐ. ܕܰܝܪܳܐ ܕܰܨܠܝܒܐ. ܙܰܐܙ ܟܦܰܪܒܘܪܰܐܢ. ܠܬܰܝܡܢܐ: ܐܰܪܒܳܐ ܒܶܝܬܕܶܒ̈ܐ ܒܶܝܬ ܣܒܝܪܝܢܳܐ ܒܶܝܬ ܡܰܢܥܡ ܬܰܡܰܪܙ ܚܒܳܒ. ܣܰܐܪܗ ܐܘ ܐܶܣܬܝܪ ܥܰܪܒܰܐܢ ܡܝܕܘܢ ܘܩܘܪ̈ܝܳܐ ܕܚܰܪ̈ܝܒܳܢ ܘܰܕܠܐ ܝܕܝ̈ܥܳܢ ܕܘܟܝ̈ܬܗܶܝܢ ܚܰܠܚ. ܙܰܒܕܝܩܐ. ܟܦܪܝܰܗܒ. ܒܠܫܬ.</quote>
                    </desc>
                    <desc xml:lang="ar">
                        <quote source="#bib221-4">جبل متصل بجبل الازل المشرف على نصيبين، وكورة كثيرة الاديار والصوامع قصبتها بلدة مذيات، مكتظة بنيف وخمسين قرية وضيعة ثلثا اهلها مسيحيون سريانيون والبقية مسلمون ويزيدية، وهذه اسماء القرى المذكورة في كتابنا: شرقا، انحل ففياث قرتمين، وغربا باتي حبسناس صلح عرناس عينورد كفرة كفرزي كفرسلطا كفر شامع كنديريب. وشمالا: آلين باقسيات حاج حصن كيفا دير صليب زاز كربوران، وجنوبا: اربو بادبة باسبرينة بانمعم تمرس حباب ساري او ستير عربان مدو. والقرى الخربة المجهولة الموقع، حالح زبديقا كفرياب كلشت.</quote>
                    </desc>
                    <desc xml:lang="en">
                        <quote source="#bib221-5">a mountain connected with the mountain of Izla, which overlooks Nisibin. The territory of the same name harbors a great number of monasteries and cells, as well as some fifty villages large and small. Two-thirds of the inhabitants of these villages are Syrian Christians; the rest are Muslims and Yezidis. The capital of Tur ʿAbdin is Midyat.  Following are the names of the villages mentioned in our book: to the east of Tur ʿAbdin are situated Anḥil, Fifyath and Qarṭmin; to the west are Bāti, Habsnas, Salaḥ, ʿUrnus, ʿAynward, Kafra, Kafarze, Kafrsalta, Kafrshami and Kandarib; to the north are Ālīn, Baqsyan, Ḥaḥ, Ḥiṣn Kifa, Dayr Ṣalib, Zāz and Karburan; to the south are Arbo, Badebe, Basibrina, Banimʿim, Tamars, Ḥbob, Sari Awastir, ʿArban and Meddo.  The ruined villages and those whose location is unknown, are Ḥāliḥ, Zabdīqā, Kafryab and Kalasht.</quote>
                    </desc>
                    <location subtype="preferred" type="gps" source="#bib221-8">
                        <geo>37.5 41.5</geo>
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            <geo>37.3983810491 40.7404671939</geo>
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                    <event type="attestation" xml:id="attestation221-1" notBefore="1224" notAfter="1228" source="#bib221-9" srophe:computed-start="1224-01-01" srophe:computed-end="1228-01-01">
                        <desc xml:lang="en">Attestation of name <foreign xml:lang="ar">طور عَبْدِين</foreign> in the <title xml:lang="en" level="m">Muʿjam al-buldān</title> of <persName>Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī</persName>.</desc>
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